James Augustus Hicky launched the first Indian newspaper ‘Hicky’s Bengal Gazette’ also known as Calcutta General Advertiser in the pre-independence era on January 29, 1780.

Let’s Revise

Q.1) What is the primary objective of the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS)?
A) To increase the basic pay of government employees
B) To provide market-driven returns to government employees’ pensions
C) To offer guaranteed retirement benefits to central government employees
D) To reduce the financial burden on government employees
Answer: C)
Explanation: The main objective of the UPS is to resolve employee concerns about market-linked returns of the National Pension System (NPS) by offering guaranteed benefits and ensuring financial security after retirement.

Q.2) When is the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) set to be implemented for central government employees?
A) August 24, 2024
B) January 1, 2025
C) April 1, 2025
D) February 2, 2025
Answer: C)
Explanation: The UPS will officially begin on April 1, 2025, following its approval by the Cabinet on August 24, 2024.

Q.3) Which of the following is NOT a key feature of the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS)?
A) Guaranteed pension of 50% of last drawn basic pay
B) Family pension of 60% of the pension in case of death
C) Contribution by the employee of 10% of their basic pay
D) Pension linked to market returns for higher payouts
Answer: D)
Explanation: The UPS provides guaranteed monthly pensions and removes the uncertainty of market-linked returns, which were a feature of the National Pension System (NPS).

Q.4) What is the minimum guaranteed monthly pension under the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) for employees with at least 10 years of service?
A) ₹5,000
B) ₹8,000
C) ₹10,000
D) ₹12,000
Answer: C)
Explanation: Employees with at least 10 years of service under the UPS are guaranteed a minimum monthly pension of ₹10,000.

Q.5) Which two Indian cities have been accredited as Wetland Cities under the Ramsar Convention?
A) Delhi and Mumbai
B) Indore and Udaipur
C) Chennai and Bangalore
D) Jaipur and Hyderabad
Answer: B)
Explanation: Indore and Udaipur are the first two Indian cities to be included in the global list of accredited wetland cities under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.

Q.6) What is the Ramsar Convention primarily concerned with?
A) Conservation of forests
B) Preservation and responsible use of wetlands
C) Protection of endangered species
D) Sustainable development of oceans
Answer: B)
Explanation: The Ramsar Convention focuses on the preservation and responsible use of wetlands, and it was signed on February 2, 1971, in Ramsar, Iran.

Q.7) Which of the following is an example of a natural wetland, according to the Ramsar Convention?
A) Fishponds
B) Rice paddies
C) Mangroves
D) Reservoirs
Answer: C)
Explanation: Mangroves are categorized as natural wetlands under the Ramsar Convention, alongside other natural wetlands such as oases, estuaries, and deltas.

Q.8) What does the Wetland City Accreditation (WCA) provide to cities?
A) Financial support for wetland restoration
B) International recognition for efforts to conserve wetlands
C) Legal authority to govern wetlands
D) Access to global water resources
Answer: B)
Explanation: The Wetland City Accreditation (WCA) system provides cities that value their natural or human-made wetlands with international recognition and positive publicity for their conservation efforts.

Q.9) How often must Wetland City Accreditation (WCA) be renewed?
A) Every 3 years
B) Every 5 years
C) Every 6 years
D) Every 10 years
Answer: C)
Explanation: The Wetland City Accreditation (WCA) is valid for 6 years, after which it must be renewed, provided the city continues to meet the necessary criteria.

Summary of Today’s News

Hindi movie Chhaava controversy

The Hindi movie Chhaava, which is based on Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj, has stirred controversy due to objections regarding a Lezim dance scene.
About Lezim:
• Lezim, also known as lazium, is a traditional folk dance from Maharashtra. The dance takes its name from a distinct musical instrument—a wooden stick with jingling cymbals attached—which the dancers hold while performing.

• Although Lezim was once a common feature in various folk dances, it is now mostly seen during the Ganesha procession.
• Traditionally, the dance was practiced by Maratha warriors as part of their physical training, helping to build strength and endurance.
• The folk dance form is believed to have originated in 1986, when several communities began to incorporate it into their cultural activities.
Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj:

• Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj, the elder son of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, ascended to the throne after a fierce succession battle with his half-brother Rajaram in 1681.
• His reign coincided with the rule of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb (1618–1707), whose efforts to expand the Mughal Empire into the Deccan led to numerous confrontations with the Marathas.

Tidal Flooding in Ernakulam, Kerala

Recently, tidal flooding has been occurring more frequently in the Ernakulam district of Kerala.
• Tidal Flooding:
Tidal flooding, often referred to as “nuisance flooding” or “sunny day flooding,” occurs when high tides cause water levels to rise, inundating low-lying coastal regions.
• Causes:
This type of flooding can result from changes in wind patterns, shifts in ocean currents, and strong tidal forces, which are most prominent during full or new moons.
• High tide flooding is categorized into three levels of severity: minor, moderate, and major.
• Concerns:
Tidal flooding disrupts daily life by submerging roads and services, damaging infrastructure, and leading to economic losses for businesses.
• It also accelerates coastal erosion, negatively impacts habitats, and contaminates freshwater sources with saltwater.
• Additionally, repeated flooding forces communities to move.
As sea levels rise due to climate change, tidal flooding is expected to become more frequent and intense.

The post MLC Daily Current Affairs – 29 January 2025 appeared first on Winner's Steps.

28 January is celebrated as the birth anniversary of Lala Lajpat Rai, a veteran leader of the Indian Nationalist Movement. He was a revolutionary freedom fighter and one of the three ‘Lal Bal Pal’ triumvirate, the others being Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal.

Let’s Revise

Q.1) Who is the largest trading partner of India?
a) China
b) European Union
c) United States
d) Japan
Answer: c)
Explanation: The United States is India’s largest trading partner, as mentioned in the context.
Q.2) What was the trade surplus India enjoyed with the US in FY24?
a) US$ 50 billion
b) US$ 36.8 billion
c) US$ 118.2 billion
d) US$ 65.19 billion
Answer: b)
Explanation: India had a trade surplus of US$ 36.8 billion with the US in FY24.
Q.3) Which sector is NOT a key Indian export to the US?
a) Engineering goods
b) Pharmaceuticals
c) Light crude oil
d) Electronic gadgets
Answer: d)
Explanation: While India exports engineering goods, pharmaceuticals, and light crude oil, “electronic gadgets” is not listed among the key Indian exports to the US.
Q.4) Which of the following industries could face challenges due to the potential trade tariffs imposed by the Trump administration?
a) Agriculture
b) Textiles
c) Construction
d) Transport
Answer: b)
Explanation: Indian industries such as textiles, along with pharmaceuticals, IT, and jewelry, could face challenges as their access to the US market shrinks.
Q.5)What is one potential negative effect on India’s economy due to increased tariffs by the US?
a) Increased foreign exchange reserves
b) Enhanced competitiveness in the US market
c) Reduced exports leading to a larger trade deficit
d) Decrease in agricultural subsidies
Answer: c)
Explanation: Increased tariffs may reduce Indian exports to the US, worsening the trade deficit.
Q.6)Which of the following is a suggested strategy for India to counteract the potential impact of US tariffs?
a) Relying exclusively on the US market for exports
b) Diversifying export markets to regions like Latin America and Africa
c) Reducing foreign direct investment inflows
d) Increasing tariffs on US imports
Answer: b)
Explanation: To reduce dependency on the US market, India is advised to diversify its export markets, especially targeting regions like Latin America and Africa.
Q.7) When is the 15th National Voters’ Day observed?
a) January 25, 2025
b) January 26, 2025
c) January 25, 2024
d) February 25, 2025
Answer: a)
Explanation: The 15th National Voters’ Day is observed on January 25, 2025, marking 75 years of the Election Commission of India’s service.
Q.8) What is the theme for the 15th National Voters’ Day (2025)?
a) “Democracy in Action”
b) “Voting is a Right”
c) “Nothing Like Voting, I Vote for Sure”
d) “Power of Every Vote”
Answer: c)
Explanation: The theme for the 15th National Voters’ Day in 2025 is “Nothing Like Voting, I Vote for Sure,” emphasizing the importance of voting in a democracy.
Q.9) Which year marks the establishment of the Election Commission of India (ECI)?
a) 1951
b) 1950
c) 1949
d) 1960
Answer: b)
Explanation: The Election Commission of India was established on January 25, 1950. The National Voters’ Day, established in 2011, marks the foundation of the ECI.
Q.10) What special initiative is NOT mentioned as part of the 15th National Voters’ Day celebrations?
a) Presentation of the ‘Best Electoral Practices Awards’
b) A nationwide essay competition on “Democracy and India’s Future”
c) A nationwide voting campaign for all citizens
d) A commemorative postal stamp
Answer: c)
Explanation: The special initiatives for the 15th National Voters’ Day include a commemorative postal stamp, a nationwide essay competition, and the presentation of the ‘Best Electoral Practices Awards’. A nationwide voting campaign is not mentioned in the content.
Q.11) What is the purpose of the ‘Best Electoral Practices Awards’?
a) To reward the best electoral party
b) To recognize outstanding state and district officials for their contributions to the electoral process
c) To promote voter awareness
d) To encourage voter participation in elections
Answer: b)
Explanation: The ‘Best Electoral Practices Awards’ are presented to state and district officials who have shown outstanding work in the electoral process.
Q.12) In which year was the first National Voters’ Day celebrated?
a) 2010
b) 2011
c) 2012
d) 2015
Answer: b)
Explanation: The National Voters’ Day was established in 2011 to mark the foundation of the Election Commission of India, which was set up on January 25, 1950.

Summary of Today’s News

The operationalization of the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS)

Context: The Ministry of Finance has announced the implementation of the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) as an option within the National Pension System (NPS) for central government employees, set to take effect on April 1, 2025.
About the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS):
What is it?
The Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) is a contributory pension plan that guarantees government employees retirement benefits, including a monthly pension equal to 50% of their last drawn basic pay.
Ministry:
Introduced by the Ministry of Finance, the UPS will be regulated by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA).
Launch Date:
The UPS was approved by the Cabinet on August 24, 2024, and will officially begin on April 1, 2025.
Objective:
The UPS aims to resolve employee concerns regarding the market-linked returns of the NPS by offering guaranteed benefits, ensuring financial security after retirement.
Key Features:
• Guaranteed Pension: Employees will receive 50% of their average basic pay from the last 12 months before retirement.
• Dearness Relief: Regular pension hikes will be made to adjust for inflation.
• Family Pension: In the event of an employee’s death, family members will receive 60% of the pension.
• Superannuation Benefits: Retirees will receive a lump sum payout in addition to their gratuity.
• Minimum Pension: Employees with at least 10 years of service will be guaranteed a minimum monthly pension of ₹10,000.
Contributions Under the Scheme:
• Employees will contribute 10% of their basic pay.
• The government will contribute 5% of the employee’s basic pay, with the possibility of revision based on actuarial reviews to maintain the scheme’s sustainability.
Coverage:
• The UPS will apply to central government employees previously enrolled in the NPS.
• Employees hired on or after January 1, 2004, including retirees, have the option to transition from NPS to UPS.
Transition from NPS to UPS:
• NPS pensions were linked to market-driven returns, which created uncertainty for many employees.
• The UPS removes these concerns by providing guaranteed, lifelong monthly pensions, making it a favorable choice for about 99% of current NPS members.

Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

It is an international agreement for the preservation and responsible use of wetlands known as the Ramsar Convention. The agreement was signed on February 2, 1971, in the Iranian city of Ramsar, the same date annually celebrated as World Wetlands Day.
• Wetlands: They are places where water either covers the soil or is present at or near the soil’s surface year-round or for different parts of the year, including the growing season. The Ramsar Convention categorises various natural and human-made diverse water bodies, and habitats as wetlands:
• Natural- Oases, estuaries, deltas, mangroves, coastal areas, coral reefs
• Human- Fishponds, rice paddies, and reservoir
Indore and Udaipur have become the first two Indian cities to make it to the global list of accredited wetland cities under Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.
• Indore: Sirpur Lake (Ramsar Site) recognised for water bird congregation and is being developed as a bird sanctuary.
• Udaipur: Surrounded by five major wetlands, namely, Pichola, Fateh Sagar, Rang Sagar, Swaroop Sagar, and Doodh Talai.
About Wetland City Accreditation (WCA)
• It is a voluntary Accreditation system that provides an opportunity for cities that value their natural or human-made wetlands to gain international recognition and positive publicity for their efforts.
• It was approved at Uruguay in COP12 of Ramsar Convention (2015).
• It is valid for 6 years, after which it must be renewed, providing that it continues to fill each of the 6 criteria (refer image).

The post MLC Daily Current Affairs – 28 January 2025 appeared first on Winner's Steps.

On this day, the Bank of Calcutta and the two other Presidency banks, Bank of Bombay and Bank of Madras, were merged to form the Imperial Bank of India, an all-India bank. The new bank performed like a regular commercial bank.

Let’s Revise

Q.1) Select the correct statements regarding the role of the Whip in India:
1. The Whip is responsible for maintaining party discipline and behavior in the legislature.
2. India adopted this concept from the British Parliamentary System.
3. There can be a Chief Whip, who is assisted by additional whips.
4. In presidential elections, whips cannot instruct Members of Parliament (MPs) or Members of Legislative Assembly (MLAs) to vote in a specific manner.
a) 1, 2, 3, 4
b) 1, 2, 3
c) 1, 3
d) 1, 2, 4
Answer: a)
Explanation: The Whip is indeed responsible for maintaining party discipline and behavior in the legislature, ensuring that party members follow party directives during important votes. The concept of the Whip was inherited from the British Parliamentary System during colonial rule, making this statement correct. In India, the Chief Whip is appointed by each political party to issue whips to party members, and additional whips may assist the Chief Whip, confirming the correctness of this statement. Whips do not have the authority to direct MPs or MLAs on how to vote in presidential elections. This is a constitutional provision ensuring the freedom of vote for such elections, so this statement is also correct. Thus, all four statements are accurate, and the correct answer is 1, 2, 3, 4.
Q.2) Consider the following statements regarding whip:
1. The office of whip is not mentioned in the constitution.
2. Every political party, whether ruling or opposition has its own whip in Parliament.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: c)
Explanation: The office of ‘whip’, on the other hand, is mentioned neither in the Constitution of India nor in the Rules of the House nor in a Parliamentary Statute. It is based on the conventions of the parliamentary government. Every political party, whether ruling or Opposition has its own whip in Parliament.
Q.3) Which of the following statements about the office of the Whip in India are correct?
1. The office of the Whip is mentioned in the Constitution of India.
2. The office of the Whip is based on the conventions of the parliamentary system, and every political party, whether in power or opposition, has its own Whip in Parliament.
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: b)
Explanation: The office of the Whip is not mentioned in the Constitution of India. It is a position based on parliamentary conventions rather than formal legal provisions. However, every political party, whether in government or opposition, appoints a Whip in Parliament, making statement 2 correct.

Summary of Today’s News

Trade Tariff Threats by the Trump Administration

Context: US President Donald Trump has proposed imposing trade tariffs on BRICS countries, including India, which could have significant consequences for the Indian economy.
Trade Dynamics between the US and India
Current Status of India-US Bilateral Trade
• The United States is India’s largest trading partner.
• In 2023-24, India maintained a trade surplus with the US, marking a key economic relationship.
• Bilateral trade between the two countries reached a record US$ 118.2 billion in FY24, compared to US$ 128.78 billion in FY22.
• India enjoyed a trade surplus of US$ 36.8 billion with the US in FY24.
• The US is the third-largest foreign direct investor in India, with cumulative FDI inflows totaling US$ 65.19 billion from April 2000 to March 2024.
Key Indian Exports to the US
Engineering goods, electronic products, gems and jewelry, pharmaceuticals, light crude oil and petroleum products, electrical equipment, and more.
Key Indian Imports from the US
Mineral fuels and oils, pearls, precious and semi-precious stones, nuclear reactors and machinery, electrical machinery, etc.
Trade and Tariff Issues between India and the US
Challenges in the Trade Relationship:
• Asymmetrical Tariffs: The US accuses India of benefiting from tariff relaxations without offering similar concessions in return.
• Trade Imbalance: The US continues to express concern over India’s persistent trade surplus.
• Lack of Trade Concessions: India does not offer significant trade concessions to the US, partly because both countries have yet to establish a Free Trade Agreement. For example, US motorcycle maker Harley-Davidson pulled out of India due to high tariff rates.
• Service Export Disputes: The delay in finalizing a US-India Free Trade Agreement stems from differences over Mode-4 service exports, which involve temporary movement of people to deliver services in another country.
• Most Favoured Nation (MFN) Clause: The MFN provision of the World Trade Organization mandates India to extend any tariff concessions granted to the US to other WTO members, such as China, which could negatively affect India’s trade balance.
• Agricultural Subsidies: The US has criticized India’s subsidies for its farmers, arguing they distort global trade practices.
As a result of these issues, President Donald Trump has considered imposing tariffs on India to reinforce the principle of reciprocal trade.
Potential Impact on India
Negative Effects on India’s Economy:
• Reduced Competitiveness: Increased tariffs may make Indian goods less competitive in the US market, lowering profits for Indian exporters.
• Worsening Trade Deficit: A drop in exports to the US could lead to a larger trade deficit for India.
• Pressure on Foreign Exchange Reserves: A growing trade imbalance could decrease the inflow of dollars, negatively affecting India’s foreign exchange reserves.
• Sectoral Decline: Key Indian industries, such as pharmaceuticals, IT, textiles, and jewelry, could face significant challenges as their access to the US market shrinks.
• Reduced Investment: Higher tariffs may raise concerns among foreign investors about the stability of trade relations between India and the US, potentially discouraging investment in India.
• Currency Depreciation: A reduction in exports could lead to a weaker Indian rupee, as decreased trade flows negatively impact the currency.
Potential Strategies for India
In response to these challenges, India could consider several structural, diplomatic, and institutional strategies:
• Diversifying Exports: Currently, around 90% of India’s exports are concentrated in just five countries. India should seek to diversify its export markets, focusing on Latin America and Africa.
• Diplomatic Engagement: India should work to fast-track the US-India Free Trade Agreement, offering equal trade benefits to the US in exchange for better terms.
• Improving Product Competitiveness: India can invest in long-term strategies to enhance the competitiveness of its products by:
• Lowering production costs through skill development, automation, and reducing legal compliance burdens.
• Improving logistics efficiency to cut costs, aiming to reduce logistics expenses from 12% to 8% of GDP.
• Enhancing trade facilitation and ease of doing business.
• Strengthening Special Economic Zones by focusing on larger, more efficient zones rather than numerous smaller ones.
US-India trade relations are expected to be volatile due to the Trump administration’s aggressive trade policies. To navigate these uncertainties, India must prioritize boosting domestic competitiveness, increasing consumption, and diversifying trade markets to safeguard against the potential fallout from US tariff hikes.

15th National Voters’ Day

India is celebrating the 15th National Voters’ Day on January 25, 2025, marking 75 years of dedicated service by the Election Commission of India (ECI).
About National Voters’ Day
• Historical Background: The day was established in 2011 to honor the founding of the Election Commission of India on January 25, 1950.
• 15th National Voters’ Day (2025): Theme: “Nothing Like Voting, I Vote for Sure”, highlighting the importance of voting in a democracy.
• Key Activities:
• Presentation of the Best Electoral Practices Awards to exceptional state and district officials.
• Special initiatives to celebrate 75 years of the ECI, including:
• Release of a commemorative postal stamp.
• A nationwide essay competition on “Democracy and India’s Future”.

The post MLC Daily Current Affairs – 27 January 2025 appeared first on Winner's Steps.

On 25th January 41 CE, Claudius I was affirmed as emperor of Rome, one day after the murder of his nephew, Gaius Caesar (Caligula). Claudius, who expanded Roman rule in North Africa, played a key role in making Britain a province of the Roman Empire. His ascension marked a significant moment in Roman history, as he took the throne amid political turmoil following Caligula’s assassination, beginning his reign with notable territorial and administrative achievements.

Summary of Today’s News

US Supreme Court clears Mumbai terror attack convict Tahawwur Rana’s extradition to India

Tahawwur Rana, a Canadian national of Pakistani origin, is linked to Lashkar-e-Taiba and David Coleman Headley in the 2008 Mumbai attacks. The attacks, carried out by 10 Pakistani terrorists, killed 166 people, including six Americans. Rana faced extradition to India, which the US Supreme Court cleared after his legal appeals failed. He is accused of aiding Headley in planning the attacks. Despite his lawyer’s final attempt to block extradition, Rana’s involvement in the tragic event remains significant.

U.S. arrests, deports hundreds of ‘illegal immigrants’, says Trump press chief.

During President Donald Trump’s second term, U.S. authorities arrested 538 migrants and deported hundreds in what was described as the “largest massive deportation operation in history.” This operation, fulfilling Trump’s campaign promises, targeted illegal immigration and border control. ICE conducted raids in Newark, detaining undocumented residents, including a U.S. military veteran, sparking condemnation from Newark Mayor Ras J. Baraka and lawmakers. Trump’s administration also reinstated the “Remain in Mexico” policy, declared a national emergency at the southern border, and faced criticism over controversial anti-immigration rhetoric.

EC reaches doorstep; elderly, PwD voters cast ballot

The Election Commission of India (ECI) implemented measures for inclusivity in the 2024 General Elections, ensuring accessibility for PwDs, senior citizens, transgenders, and marginalized groups. Initiatives included home voting for senior citizens and PwDs, special registration drives, and accessible polling booths. Over 1.78 lakh downloads of the Saksham app assisted PwDs. Remote polling stations, partnerships with NGOs, and special provisions for Kashmiri migrants and IDPs in Manipur ensured broad participation, promoting voter awareness and inclusivity.

At 75, constitutional justice and personal liberty.

The reinstatement of Justice S. Fazl Ali’s dissent in Indian constitutional jurisprudence highlights key developments. In the 1950 A.K. Gopalan case, the majority upheld preventive detention, narrowly interpreting Article 21, while Justice Ali advocated for a broader interpretation of liberty. The 2017 Puttaswamy case recognized the right to privacy as a fundamental right and validated Ali’s dissent. This shift emphasizes personal liberty’s central role in justice and constitutional ethics. Dissent serves as a safeguard for constitutional values, ensuring accountability and the evolution of judicial interpretations.

The post MLC Daily Current Affairs – 25 January 2025 appeared first on Winner's Steps.

Initiated by the Ministry of Women and Child Development in 2008, National Girl Child Day is an opportunity to raise awareness and advocate that girls receive equal opportunities and support, eliminating gender biases.

Let’s Revise

Q.1) Which state in India is going to become the first to adopt the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) after independence?
a) Goa
b) Uttarakhand
c) Kerala
d) Maharashtra
Answer: b)
Explanation: Uttarakhand passed the Uniform Civil Code of Uttarakhand Act, 2024, making it the first state in India post-independence to adopt UCC.

Q.2) What does the Uttarakhand Uniform Civil Code prohibit?
a) Only child marriage
b) Polygamy, nikah halala, child marriage, and extrajudicial divorces
c) All personal laws
d) Live-in relationships
Answer: b)
Explanation: The law in Uttarakhand prohibits practices such as polygamy, nikah halala, child marriage, and extrajudicial divorces while establishing uniform legal guidelines for marriage and other personal matters.

Q.3) What is the legal age for marriage under Uttarakhand’s Uniform Civil Code for men and women?
a) 18 for men and 16 for women
b) 21 for men and 18 for women
c) 21 for both men and women
d) 25 for men and 21 for women
Answer: b)
Explanation: The law sets the legal age of marriage as 21 for men and 18 for women under the Uttarakhand Uniform Civil Code.

Q.4) Which of the following is recognized under Uttarakhand’s Uniform Civil Code?
a) Same-sex marriages
b) Live-in relationships as quasi-marriages
c) Religious-based divorce laws
d) Polygamy
Answer: b
Explanation: The UCC in Uttarakhand recognizes live-in relationships as quasi-marriages, ensuring the legitimacy of children born from such unions.

Q.5) Which article of the Indian Constitution refers to the idea of a Uniform Civil Code?
a) Article 15
b) Article 44
c) Article 51A
d) Article 32
Answer: b)
Explanation: Article 44 of the Indian Constitution, part of the Directive Principles of State Policy, states that the state shall aim to secure a uniform civil code throughout India, though it is non-enforceable in a court of law.

Q.6) Which state’s legal system follows the Portuguese Civil Code of 1867, effectively applying a Uniform Civil Code to all its residents?
a) Goa
b) Kerala
c) Delhi
d) Bihar
Answer: a)
Explanation: Goa follows the Portuguese Civil Code of 1867, which applies the same laws for marriage, divorce, and inheritance to all its residents, regardless of religion.

Q.7.What is the primary goal of implementing a Uniform Civil Code in India?
a) To abolish all personal laws
b) To establish one law for all citizens covering personal matters like marriage and inheritance
c) To create religious-specific laws for different communities
d) To give the government control over family matters
Answer: b)
Explanation: The goal of a Uniform Civil Code is to create a single law for all citizens, addressing personal matters like marriage, divorce, inheritance, and adoption, irrespective of religion.

Q.8) Which of the following is true about the status of UCC in India?
a) It is mandatory for all states to adopt it
b) It is a directive principle in the Indian Constitution
c) It is enforced through the Fundamental Rights
d) It has already been fully implemented across India
Answer: b)
Explanation: The Uniform Civil Code is mentioned in Article 44 of the Indian Constitution as part of the Directive Principles of State Policy, guiding the state to work towards its implementation, but it is not enforceable by law.

Summary of Today’s News

Indian Vice President recently questioned the relevance of party whips in parliamentary proceedings

Context: The Vice President of India recently raised concerns about the necessity of party whips in parliamentary proceedings, suggesting that they limit the autonomy of legislators and hinder their ability to make independent decisions.
About Whip in Parliamentary Practice:
What is a Whip?

• A whip is an official communication issued by a political party to its lawmakers, instructing them to attend a significant vote or to cast their vote in a certain manner.
• This practice originates from the British parliamentary tradition, where “whipping in” was used to ensure members followed the party’s position.
• Appointed by: Each political party designates a Chief Whip, typically a senior lawmaker, responsible for issuing whips.
• Constitutional Status: The Indian Constitution does not explicitly refer to the use of whips.
Types of Whips:
• One-line Whip: Notifies members of an important vote but allows them the option to abstain if they disagree with the party stance.
• Two-line Whip: Requires members to be present for the vote, though it does not mandate a specific vote in line with the party’s position.
• Three-line Whip: The most stringent, requiring both attendance and adherence to the party’s vote, with non-compliance potentially leading to disqualification under the anti-defection law.
Functions and Powers:
• Ensure Attendance: Whips ensure that party members are present for essential legislative business and votes.
• Party Discipline: Helps maintain discipline within the party by ensuring members align their actions with the party’s goals.
• Strengthen Decision-making: Whips foster unity in critical votes on issues like budgets, Bills, and no-confidence motions.
• Compliance Monitoring: Tracks and reports whether members follow the party’s directives.
• Prevents Fragmentation: By enforcing a unified stance, whips reduce the possibility of internal party rifts.

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)

Context: Recently, the Indian automobile market has witnessed the widespread integration of ADAS features in four-wheeler vehicles, significantly enhancing car safety.
About Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS):
• What is ADAS?
• ADAS stands for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems, a combination of technologies designed to improve driver safety, enhance convenience, and minimize the risk of accidents.
• It integrates sensors, cameras, and processors to analyze real-time data and provide alerts or automated assistance to the driver.
• How Does ADAS Work?
• Sensors and Cameras: Commonly used sensors include RADAR, LiDAR, and SONAR, paired with 360-degree cameras that monitor the vehicle’s surroundings.
• Data Processing: Real-time data is processed by onboard computers to assess the environment, make decisions, and alert the driver or take automated actions.
• Response Mechanism: Based on processed data, ADAS can initiate actions such as braking, steering corrections, or collision warnings faster than human reaction times.
• Key Features of ADAS:
• Collision Intervention Systems: Prevents incoming collisions by detecting obstacles.
• Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB): Applies brakes if the driver does not react to warnings.
• Blindspot Alert and Avoidance: Warns of vehicles in blind spots and adjusts accordingly.
• Lane Departure Alert and Lane Keep Assist: Alerts and steers the vehicle back into its lane if it deviates.

• Traffic Sign Recognition: Identifies road signs and informs the driver.

• Driver Drowsiness Detection: Monitors driver fatigue and provides alerts.
• Adaptive Cruise Control: Maintains a safe distance from the vehicle ahead by adjusting speed.

• Parking Assist: Automates or assists during parking using cameras and sensors.
• Levels of ADAS: (Developed by the SAE (The Society of Automotive Engineers International))

• Only Level 2 and below ADAS equipped cars can be found in India.
Advantages of ADAS:
• Enhanced Safety: Reduces collision risks with forward collision alerts and automatic braking.
• Convenience: Reduces driver fatigue with adaptive cruise control and automated parking.
• Fuel Efficiency: Improves mileage through optimized acceleration and braking.
• Traffic Sign Compliance: Alerts drivers to follow road regulations.
• Driver Assistance: Improves navigation and decision-making in complex traffic scenarios.
• Limitations of ADAS in India:
• Infrastructure Challenges: Poor road markings and uneven infrastructure hinder system accuracy.
• Unpredictable Hazards: Stray animals and unregulated traffic complicate detection and response.
• Weather and Lighting: ADAS performance may degrade under low light or adverse weather conditions.
• System Accountability: Lack of clarity on whether the driver or ADAS is responsible during failures.

But do you know that how an AI enabled car/vehicle will deal this problem?

The post MLC Daily Current Affairs – 24 January 2025 appeared first on Winner's Steps.

Subhash Chandra Bose was born in Cuttack, Odisha in 1897. Bose was a brilliant student and promising civil servant who chose to abandon a secure career in the Indian civil service to join the fight for India. His radical approach and unwavering commitment to armed resistance against British rule distinguished him from other leaders of his time.
Parakram Diwas honors Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose’s legacy of courage, determination, and patriotism. Celebrated annually on January 23, it highlights his role in India’s freedom struggle, focusing on his leadership of the Indian National Army and his inspiring call to action. The day inspires future generations to uphold his values.

Let’s Revise

Q.1) Which country is the second largest producer of coffee in the world?
a) India
b) China
c) Brazile
d) Vietnam
Answer: d)
Rationale: Brazil remains the world’s leading coffee producer, contributing approximately 40% of global output, followed by Vietnam.

Q.2) Which is the largest coffee producer state of India?
a) Kerala
b) Tamil Nadu
c) Karnataka
d) Arunachal Pradesh
Answer: c)
Rationale: Karnatak is the largest coffee producer state of India. South Indian states are the leading producers of coffee in India. Traditionally, coffee is cultivated in the Western Ghats, across Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu.

Q.3) Where is the headquarters of Coffee Board of India?
a) Thiruvananthapuram
b) Chennai
c) Bengaluru
d) Hyderabad
Answer: c)
Rationale: The headquarters of the Coffee Board of India is located in Bengaluru, Karnataka.

Q.4) MODEL CODE OF CONDUCT for the guidance of political parties and candidates. About MCC find correct statement from the following.
a) Its violations are punished with 5 years ban on contesting elections
b) Its violations are punished by only monetary penalties
c) Its violations lead to imprisonment of one year
d) None of the above
Answer: d)
Rationale: Since MCC has no statutory backing, violations cannot be prosecuted under Code. o However, certain provisions are enforceable through corresponding provisions in statutes like BNS, RPA, 1951 etc. For instance, publishing false statements about a candidate’s character, conduct, etc. is a corrupt practice under Section 123(4) of RPA 1951. Impersonation of voters is an electoral offence under Section 172 of Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita.

Q.5) Which country recently introduced the CR450 prototype, the world’s fastest high-speed train?
a) France
b) China
c) Russia
d) India
Answer: b)
Rationale:China launched the CR450, the fastest high-speed train globally, reaching test speeds of 450 km/h and a commercial speed of 400 km/h. It outpaces the CR400 Fuxing, which runs at 350 km/h, showcasing advancements in speed, energy efficiency, safety, and comfort. The CR450 was developed through extensive testing, including 200,000 km of trials, 3,000 simulations, and 2,000 platform tests. Notable features include water-cooled traction, stable bogies, and a 20% reduction in energy consumption. The train also enhances passenger comfort with quieter cabins, more space, and storage options for bicycles and wheelchairs. This development is part of China’s plan to expand its rail network to 70,000 km by 2035.

Q.6) Which state recently clinched the Santosh Trophy national football championship title?
a) West Bengal
b) Kerala
c) Odisha
d) Punjab
Answer: a)
Rationale:
West Bengal emerged as the champion of the 78th edition of the Santosh Trophy, defeating Kerala in the final. The Santosh Trophy is India’s premier state-level football competition for men, organized by the All India Football Federation. The final round of the 78th edition was held in Hyderabad.

Q.7) What is the main goal of the Gobardhan Portal?
a) Promote solar energy systems
b) Simplify the establishment of Biogas/Compressed Biogas plants in India
c) Support rural electrification projects
d) Develop irrigation systems
Answer: b)
Rationale: India is advancing compressed biogas (CBG) as an alternative fuel to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and move toward renewable energy. CBG is produced from agricultural waste, animal waste, municipal solid waste, press mud, and sewage sludge. Despite its potential, the adoption of CBG plants has been slow, with only 115 plants operational by December 2024, falling short of the 5,000-plant target for 2030. The GOBARdhan scheme, introduced in 2018 as part of the Swachh Bharat Mission Grameen-Phase II, aims to convert cattle dung, agricultural waste, and other organic materials into Biogas, CBG, and bio-fertilizers. The scheme fosters a circular economy by turning waste into valuable resources and is managed by the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti.

Summary of Today’s News

UCC rules approval in Uttarakhand

Context:
The Uttarakhand Cabinet has approved the regulations for the Uniform Civil Code (UCC).
Background:

• In 2024, the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly passed the Uniform Civil Code of Uttarakhand Act, 2024, making it the first state in India post-independence to adopt the UCC.
• The law prohibits practices such as polygamy, nikah halala, child marriage, and extrajudicial divorces, while establishing a uniform legal age for marriage (21 for men, 18 for women).
• It also grants women equal property rights, although personal laws related to guardianship and Hindu Undivided Families remain unchanged.
• Additionally, live-in relationships are recognized as quasi-marriages, ensuring the legitimacy of children born from such unions.
What is a Uniform Civil Code (UCC)?

• A Uniform Civil Code is a proposed legal framework that aims to establish one law for all citizens across different religions, covering personal matters like marriage, divorce, inheritance, and adoption.
• Its goal is to replace the varied personal laws that currently exist based on religious communities.

Constitutional Provisions:

• Article 44 of the Indian Constitution, part of the Directive Principles of State Policy, states that the state “shall endeavor to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.”
• Though these principles are non-enforceable in a court of law, they are foundational to the country’s governance.
UCC in India:

• UCC in Goa: Goa follows the Portuguese Civil Code of 1867, applying the same laws for marriage, divorce, and inheritance to all its residents, regardless of religion.
• The Goa Daman and Diu Administration Act of 1962, after Goa became part of India in 1961, allowed the territory to adopt this Civil Code.
Arguments in Favor of UCC:
• Uniformity in Governance: A common legal framework would streamline administrative processes, making it easier for the state to ensure justice and protect citizens’ rights.
• Women’s Rights: Uniformity in laws could address discriminatory practices against women found in some religious personal laws, offering a more equitable legal system.
• Secularism: UCC is seen as reinforcing the secular nature of India by ensuring equal treatment for all citizens, regardless of their religion.
• The Supreme Court has repeatedly advocated for its implementation, including in the 1985 Shah Bano case.
• Promote National Unity: A single civil code would help integrate India by creating a shared legal framework for its diverse communities.
Arguments Against UCC:
• Plurality of Existing Laws: Critics argue that India’s diverse legal systems already offer a plurality of civil and criminal laws, making it difficult to enforce a single set of personal laws across all communities.
• Implementation Challenges: India’s religious diversity makes it difficult to apply a uniform code, especially as tribal communities may follow practices distinct from mainstream Hindu customs, raising concerns about the potential prohibition of their cultural rites.
• Potential for Social Unrest: Critics warn that implementing a UCC could provoke unrest, particularly among minority groups who view it as an infringement on their religious freedoms.
• Constitutional Concerns: Some see the UCC as a violation of constitutional rights to freely practice religion, as outlined in Articles 25 and 26, and the Sixth Schedule.
• The Law Commission has stated that a UCC “is neither necessary nor desirable at this stage” and suggested focusing on reforming discriminatory practices within existing personal laws.
Way Ahead:
Before implementing the UCC, it is essential for authorities to engage with diverse sections of society to ensure inclusivity, transparency, and respect for different viewpoints. The Law Commission advocates for achieving equality within communities rather than between them.

Antivenoms in India and deaths due to snakebites

Context:
India, despite being the largest producer and consumer of antivenoms, accounts for nearly 50% of global snakebite fatalities.
Snakebite Envenoming:
Snakebite envenoming, or poisoning from snake bites, has been classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a high-priority neglected tropical disease. Each year, an estimated 1.8 to 2.7 million people globally are affected by snake venom.
Snake Bites in India:
In India, around 90% of snake bites are attributed to the ‘big four’ venomous snakes: the common krait, Indian cobra, Russell’s viper, and saw-scaled viper. The country experiences around 58,000 deaths from an estimated 3-4 million snake bites annually.
Strategy for Developing Antivenom:
Antivenoms are purified antibodies designed to neutralize venom or its components. These are produced using antibodies generated by animals, usually horses, which are injected with controlled doses of venom. Antivenoms are listed on the WHO Essential Medicines List due to their critical importance.
Antivenom Production Process:
To create life-saving antivenoms, scientists rely on horses raised on specialized farms. These animals receive small, harmless doses of venom, triggering their immune system to produce antibodies that fight the venom toxins. The collected antibodies are then used in antivenoms to treat bite victims.
Challenges in Accessing Antivenoms:
• Geographical Barriers: Remote regions often lack healthcare facilities with antivenom supplies, making access difficult.
• Limited Venom Coverage: Current Indian antivenoms mainly cover the “big four” venomous snakes, leaving bites from other species like the king cobra and pit vipers untreated, leading to ineffective treatment and poor outcomes.
• Cultural and Social Factors: Superstitions and local cultural practices in rural areas can delay medical intervention, worsening outcomes.
• Economic Constraints: The high cost of antivenom production restricts access, especially for low-income populations.
• Infrastructure and Logistical Issues: Rural areas often lack the necessary cold storage facilities for antivenoms, which requires proper refrigeration. Without these, antivenoms lose their potency.
Way Forward:
The National Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Snakebite Envenoming (NAP-SE) aims to reduce deaths and disabilities from snakebites by 50% by 2030.
Innovative Antivenom Development: Researchers are exploring the use of recombinant DNA technology to develop synthetic antivenoms, which do not rely on animal-derived proteins, potentially enhancing safety and effectiveness.
Diagnostic Advancements: The development of portable venom-detection kits and rapid diagnostic tools is improving the speed and accuracy of snakebite treatments, ensuring timely and appropriate antivenom administration.
Role of the Irular Community: The Irular people are highly skilled snake-catchers, proficient in safely extracting venom from snakes in controlled environments. Their expertise ensures a consistent supply of high-quality venom, which is essential for the production of antivenoms in India.

The post MLC Daily Current Affairs – 23 January 2025 appeared first on Winner's Steps.

Yes, the Constituent Assembly of India unanimously adopted the Objectives Resolution on January 22, 1947. The resolution was moved by Jawaharlal Nehru on December 13, 1946.

Let’s Revise

Q.1) Recently seen in news “planet parade” is associated with ___
a) All the known planets can be seen at the same time
b) When none of the planet can be seen
c) When Earth is nearest to sun
d) When some planets seem to be in a formation
Answer: (d)
Rationale: Recently, four planets in our solar system namely Venus, Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars have formed a breathtaking arc across the night sky and created a rare phenomenon known as ‘planet parade’.
Q.2) Recently the USA has elected its President Donald Trump, who has taken oath as the Vice President of USA?
a) JD Vance
b) Kamla Haris
c) Tony Stark
d) Mark Zukerberg
Answer: (a)
Rationale: On 20th January, 2025 at the Capitol, Vice President J.D. Vance was sworn in first, followed by Trump.
Q.3) Which latitude passes through Gulf of Mexico?
a) Tropic of Cancer
b) Tropic of Capricorn
c) Equator
d) Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn
Answer: (a)
Rationale: The Tropic of Cancer passes through the Gulf of Mexico. The Tropic of Cancer is an imaginary line that runs around the Earth at a latitude of 23.5° north of the equator. Please see the map:
Q.4) Which country is known as “Global Police Man”?
a) China
b) Russia
c) Britain
d) USA
Answer: (d)
Rationale: In geopolitics USA is sometimes referred to global police man.
Q.5) Find the incorrect statement about USA
a) The USA is the world’s third largest country by size.
b) The USA is nearly the world’s third largest country by population.
c) The capital of the USA is Washington, D.C.
d) The USA is a Union republic with a constitution.
Answer: (d)
Rationale: The USA is a North American country bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Canada to the north, and Mexico to the south.
• Size: The USA is the world’s third largest country by size.
• Population: The USA is nearly the world’s third largest country by population.
• Capital: The capital of the USA is Washington, D.C.
• Government: The USA is a federal republic with a constitution.

Summary of Today’s News

India Became the 7th Largest Producer of Coffee

Context
According to the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, India has now become the seventh-largest coffee producer in the world, with coffee exports totaling 1.29 billion dollars in the last fiscal year.
This marks a significant increase from the 719 million dollars in exports during 2020-21.
About
• Major export destinations for Indian coffee include Italy, Belgium, and Russia.
• India primarily exports unroasted coffee beans, but there is an emerging demand for value-added products such as roasted and instant coffee.
• Domestic consumption is rising due to the growing café culture, higher disposable incomes, and a shift in preference from tea to coffee in India.
Coffee Production
• Brazil remains the world’s leading coffee producer, contributing approximately 40% of global output, followed by Vietnam.
• India produces two main types of coffee:
• Arabica and
• Robusta.
Coffee in India is mainly produced for export, with around 65% to 70% of the country’s coffee being shipped abroad.
Areas
• Traditionally, coffee is cultivated in the Western Ghats, across Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu.
• In addition, non-traditional coffee-growing regions like Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and the North Eastern states are seeing growth in production.
Leading States
Karnataka is the largest producer of coffee in India, followed by Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
• Climatic Conditions
• Coffee plants thrive in temperatures between 15°C and 24°C.
• Temperatures outside this range can negatively affect the growth and yield of the coffee plant.
• India grows its coffee under a structured two-tier mixed shade canopy, which consists of evergreen leguminous trees.
• These shade trees help prevent soil erosion on sloped terrains, enrich the soil by recycling nutrients from deeper layers, and shield the coffee plants from temperature fluctuations.
• Coffee Board of India
• The Indian government created the Coffee Board under the Coffee Act VII of 1942, which is administered by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
The Board is made up of 33 members, including the Chairman and the Secretary & Chief Executive Officer.
• Its role is to promote coffee production in India.
• The headquarters of the Coffee Board of India is located in Bengaluru, Karnataka

Contract Farming

India’s transition from being an importer to an exporter of frozen French fries underscores the significant role contract farming plays in supporting both the agricultural industry and farmers.
What is Contract Farming?
Contract farming refers to agricultural production conducted based on an agreement between farmers and buyers, which outlines conditions for the production and marketing of the crops.
• Farmers: They commit to producing specific agricultural products according to the buyer’s requirements, meeting standards related to quality, quantity, and timing.
• Buyers: These are typically agribusiness firms, processors, exporters, or retailers who offer essential inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, and technical assistance, along with a guaranteed price for the produce.
Types of Contract Farming Arrangements
• Direct Input Provision by the Company: In this arrangement, the company provides all the necessary inputs to farmers, and the costs for these inputs and services are deducted from the payment the farmer receives after harvesting and delivering the produce.
• Partnership with Local Input Dealers: This model reflects a range of involvement by the company, balancing between direct control and reliance on local third-party service providers. The choice of this arrangement depends on:
• Availability of local service providers.
• The company’s resources and capabilities.
• The complexity involved in the crop production process.
Advantages of Contract Farming
• Assured Income: Farmers benefit from a guaranteed market and fixed prices for their produce, minimizing income instability.
• Access to Quality Inputs: Buyers provide high-quality seeds, fertilizers, and advanced technology, which enhances both the productivity and quality of the crops.
• Reduction in Post-Harvest Losses: Proper guidance and market access help reduce post-harvest losses.
• Facilitates Credit Access: The guaranteed income from contracts helps farmers secure loans from financial institutions.
Concerns Associated with Contract Farming
• Power Imbalance: Farmers, especially smallholders, may lack bargaining power, leaving them vulnerable to exploitation by buyers.
• Side-Selling: Farmers may sell the contracted produce to other buyers if offered better prices, breaching the agreement.
• Quality Disputes: Conflicts may arise over disagreements regarding quality standards, leading to delayed payments.
• Exclusion of Marginal Farmers: Buyers tend to favor larger farmers for economies of scale, often excluding small and marginal farmers from participation.
• Environmental Concerns: The focus on specific crops can lead to monocropping, soil depletion, and excessive use of agricultural inputs.
Government Initiatives and Legal Framework
• The Model Agricultural Produce and Livestock Contract Farming and Services Act, 2018 offers a legal structure for fair contracts, dispute resolution, and protection of farmers’ interests.
• Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) promote collective bargaining power for farmers involved in contract farming.
• e-NAM Integration: This platform enhances transparency in contract enforcement and pricing.
• National Policy on Agriculture: This policy advocates for contract farming as a means to boost productivity and rural income.
Way Ahead
For the continued sustainable growth of contract farming, it is crucial to focus on inclusive practices, technological progress, and effective evaluation systems.
Contracts should be designed to support small and marginal farmers by simplifying terms and providing affordable input support.
Such inclusivity will empower underrepresented farming communities and promote equitable growth throughout the agricultural sector.

The post MLC Daily Current Affairs – 22 January 2025 appeared first on Winner's Steps.

In 1793, Louis XVI, the last Bourbon king of France, was tried for treason, convicted, and executed by the guillotine in Paris during the French Revolution.

Let’s Revise

Q.1) Which organization released the ‘Global Risks Report 2025’?
A) International Monetary Fund
B) World Economic Forum
C) United Nations Development Programme
D) United Nations Environment Programme
Answer: B
Rationale: The World Economic Forum published the Global Risks Report, first introduced in 2006, identifying extreme weather as an “environmental risk.” The 2024-2025 edition is based on the Global Risks Perception Survey (GRPS) and evaluates risks over short-term (1-2 years) and long-term (10 years) periods.

Q.2) The Nord Stream Pipeline runs under which Sea?
A) Red Sea
B) Baltic Sea
C) Arabian Sea
D) Black Sea
Answer: B
Rationale: A study by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) revealed that the 2022 Nord Stream pipeline explosions led to the largest human-induced methane release ever recorded. The Nord Stream pipeline is a critical natural gas pipeline under the Baltic Sea, connecting Vyborg, Russia, to Lubmin near Greifswald, Germany.

Q.3) Which country recently conducted Exercise Devil Strike?
A) India
B) Nepal
C) China
D) Bhutan
Answer: A)
Rationale: The Indian Armed Forces held Exercise Devil Strike from January 16 to 19, involving elite airborne soldiers from the Army and Air Force. The exercise took place in training areas and firing ranges, focusing on refining logistics and sustaining troops in challenging environments.

Q.4) Kokborok is the official language of which Indian state?
A) Meghalaya
B) Sikkim
C) Nagaland
D) Tripura
Answer: D
Rationale: The Tripura Student Federation (TSF) protested in Agartala, demanding the use of the Roman script for Kokborok. Kokborok, the language of the Borok people, was officially recognized in Tripura on January 19, 1979.

Q.5) Which institution created the Central Suspect Registry?
A) Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
B) Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)
C) Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
D) National Investigation Agency (NIA)
Answer: B
Rationale: The online ‘Central Suspect Registry’ has helped prevent six lakh fraudulent transactions, saving ₹1,800 crore. This registry enhances fraud risk management by cataloging cybercriminal identifiers and was established using the National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP).

Summary of Today’s News

Trump takes oath as the 47th President of the U.S

Donald J. Trump took oath for a second term as the 47th President of the U.S. on January 20.

• He delivered a fiery inaugural address and announced significant changes, stating that the “golden age” of America had begun.
• Trump referred to January 20 as “liberation day” and declared that “America’s decline is over” with rapid changes to follow.
• He promised that America would reclaim its position as the greatest, most powerful, and respected nation on Earth, inspiring awe and admiration globally.
• Trump returned to the White House with a strongman persona and vowed to reset U.S. policies aggressively in areas such as immigration, tariffs, and energy.
He listed immediate actions to be taken, including:
• Declaring a national emergency at the U.S.-Mexico border.

Renaming the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of America.

Taking back the Panama Canal.

• In terms of immigration, Trump stated:
• All illegal entry will be halted immediately.
• The process of returning criminal aliens will begin.
• Troops will be sent to the southern border.
• He promised that the U.S. would flourish and be respected again, becoming the envy of every nation.
• Trump pledged to prioritize America first, and his leadership would make the country a peacemaker and unifier.
• He declared that the American Dream would thrive like never before.
• Trump announced plans to stop censorship and bring back free speech in the U.S. through an executive order.
• He issued a series of executive orders targeting:
• Diversity programs.
• Gender identity policies.
• Trump declared that the official policy of the U.S. government would be that there are only two genders: male and female.
• He also vowed to end government efforts to socially engineer race and gender in public and private life, referring to it as a “revolution of common sense”.
• At the Capitol, Vice President J.D. Vance was sworn in first, followed by Trump.
• Chief Justice John Roberts administered Trump’s oath using:
• A family Bible.
• The Bible used by President Abraham Lincoln in 1861.
• External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar attended the ceremony as Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s special envoy, bringing a letter for Trump.

• Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni sent best wishes to Trump for his new mandate.

• A number of billionaires and tech titans attended the ceremony, including:
• Mark Zuckerberg, Jeff Bezos, Tim Cook, Sundar Pichai, Elon Musk.

Planet Parade

Recently, an extraordinary sight occurred as four planets in our solar system—Venus, Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars—aligned to form a stunning arc across the night sky, creating a rare event known as a ‘planet parade.’
• This refers to a phenomenon when multiple planets in our solar system are visible simultaneously in the night sky.
• This planetary alignment, also called a conjunction, causes the planets to appear in close proximity or even appear to touch in the Earth’s night sky.
• The occurrence is more of a visual illusion than the planets being in an exact alignment in space.
• Planets follow different paths in the sky, moving at varying speeds compared to the stars.
• Not all planets are visible every night, but sometimes their positions align so that many, or even all, can be seen at the same time or within a short window.
• According to NASA, such events, particularly those involving four or more planets, are significant and do not happen every year.

The post MLC Daily Current Affairs – 21 January 2025 appeared first on Winner's Steps.

Barack Obama became the first black and 44th President of the United States. He served for two consecutive terms (2009-2017).

Let’s Revise

Q.1) Yadgir Fort, which was seen in news, is located in which state?
A) Karnataka
B) Gujarat
C) Madhya Pradesh
D) Tamil Nadu
Answer: A
Rationale: The Karnataka government has announced a ₹100 crore plan to develop Yadgir Fort under the “One District, One Spot” initiative to promote tourism. Of the total, ₹33 crore will come from the MLA grant, and ₹67 crore from the state government. Located in Yadgir district, the fort is one of the largest in Karnataka, built on a monolith with dimensions of 850m in length, 500m in width, and 100m in height. The fort contains inscriptions from various historical dynasties, including the Kalyana Chalukyas, Yadavas, and Bahmani Sultans.

Q.2) Chashma Nuclear Power Plant, which was seen in news, is located in which country?
A) Pakistan
B) Nepal
C) Myanmar
D) Bangladesh
Answer: A
Rationale: Pakistan has built its largest nuclear power plant, the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant Unit 5 (C-5), with a capacity of 1200 MWe. The Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA) granted the plant a license after reviewing safety, radiation protection, and nuclear security measures. C-5 features a Chinese Hualong third-generation Pressurised Water Reactor, designed for 60 years of operation. The plant, costing USD 3.7 billion, is Pakistan’s third nuclear facility of this design.

Q.3) What is “INS Surat” that was recently seen in news?
A) Fleet tanker
B) Kamorta-class corvettes
C) Nuclear powered aircraft carrier
D) Stealth Destroyer
Answer: D
Rationale: Project-15B has 4 ships. INS Visakhapatnam, INS Mormugao, INS Imphal, and INS Surat is the fourth and final ship of the Project-15B Vishakhapatnam Class stealth destroyer. It is designed by the Indian Navy’s Warship Design Bureau and built by Mazagaon Dock Limited. It has 72% indigenous content and is India’s first AI-enabled warship.

Q.4) Where was the 24th Rashtriya Vanvasi Krida Pratiyogita (National Sports For Forest Dwellers) held?
A) Bhopal
B) Raipur
C) Ranchi
D) Bhubaneshwar
Answer: (B)
Rationale: The 24th Rashtriya Vanvasi Krida Pratiyogita held in Raipur, Chhattisgarh. Tribal athletes from across India, including the Andaman-Nicobar Islands and Manipur, participated in the event. The event was organized by the Vanvasi Vikas Samiti under the Vanvasi Kalyan Ashram. More than 800 tribal youth from 33 provinces are competing in sports like football and archery.

Summary of Today’s News

Unrest Against Martial Law in South Korea

South Korea has been going through serious political unrest after President Yoon Suk-yeol declared martial law.
About
• The President was impeached on December 15th.
• Criticism of President Yoon grew after he took office in 2022.
• He faced backlash for his domestic and foreign policies and for allegedly interfering in investigations about corruption claims involving his wife.
• His declaration of martial law was seen as an attempt to weaken South Korea’s democracy.
Political History of South Korea
• From 1910 to 1945, South Korea was under harsh colonial rule by Japan.
• After World War II, the U.S. suggested dividing Korea into two zones: the Soviet Union took control of the North, and the U.S. controlled the South.
• After independence, the U.S. supported Rhee Syngman, who became South Korea’s leader.
• In 1948, Rhee won the first presidential election of the Republic of Korea but ruled with authoritarian control.
• Rhee’s rule lasted 12 years until a student uprising in 1960 forced him to resign.
• In 1961, Major-General Park Chung Hee led a military coup and ruled South Korea for 18 years, creating a dictatorship with the Yushin Constitution. He was assassinated in 1979.
• Chun Doo-Hwan, a general, took power in another military coup and extended martial law across South Korea.
• The Gwangju Uprising in 1980 saw students protest the military government, leading to brutal violence by the military.
• Chun’s authoritarian rule ended in 1987 with the June Democratic Struggle, which led to South Korea’s democratization.
• In 1988, President Roh Tae-woo helped South Korea move toward becoming a liberal democracy.
• Because of this history of dictatorship, President Yoon’s future in politics became uncertain, even after he lifted martial law the day after imposing it.
What is Martial Law?
• Martial law is when the military temporarily takes over civilian government functions like policing, the courts, and even governance.
• It is usually declared in emergencies such as war, rebellion, or natural disasters.
• While martial law can help maintain order during crises, it often undermines democracy and can lead to abuses of power, censorship, and authoritarian rule.
• Countries with martial law provisions include South Korea, the United States, the Philippines, Pakistan, and Thailand.
Does India Have Martial Law?
• The Indian Constitution does not define martial law directly.
• Article 34 mentions limiting rights under martial law in specific areas but does not outline the process for declaring it.
• Martial law is considered a last resort, and India has never officially declared it since gaining independence.
• Instead, India has constitutional emergency provisions under Articles 352 (national emergency), 356 (state emergency), and 360 (financial emergency). These have sometimes been criticized for being overused, especially during the Emergency of 1975-77.
• The Supreme Court has ruled that certain rights, such as the right to habeas corpus, cannot be suspended during emergencies, meaning any future martial law would be subject to judicial review.
Conclusion
Martial law can restore order in chaotic times, but it risks violating basic rights and damaging democratic values. Understanding its consequences is important, as history shows that martial law can easily shift from a necessary action to an authoritarian measure.

The post MLC Daily Current Affairs – 20 January 2025 appeared first on Winner's Steps.

18 January in Indian history is celebrated as the birth anniversary of Mahadev Govind Ranade (18 January 1842 – 16 January 1901), an Indian nationalist, social reformer, scholar, and jurist. He is called “Socrates of Maharashtra”.

Let’s Revise

Q.1) Israel-Hamas cease fire deal was brokerd in a series of negotiations took place in ____
a) Lebnon
b) Russia
c) Qatar
d) Saudi Arabia
Answer: (c)
Rationale: Israel and Hamas have agreed to a ceasefire deal after weeks of negotiations in Doha, Qatar. The deal includes a six-week halt to fighting and discussions to end the war.
Q.2) Israel and Hamas have agreed to a ceasefire deal after weeks of negotiations in Doha, Qatar. This deal includes the promise of ___
a) Nuclear weapons to Israel
b) Military support to Hamas by Qatar
c) Phased release of hostages held by Hamas
d) Recognition of Hamas as government
Answer: (c)
Rationale: It promises the phased release of dozens of hostages held by Hamas and Israel, along with hundreds of Palestinian prisoners in Israeli custody. The ceasefire will allow displaced Palestinians to return to their homes and send humanitarian aid to Gaza.
Q.3) The following countries have been key brokers in these negotiations.
a) Pakistan, Iran, China
b) India, China, USA, Russia
c) USA, Qatar, Egypt
d) Yeman, Brazil, Lenon
Answer: (c)
Rationale: In the Israel-Hamas cease fire deal the U.S.A., Egypt, and Qatar have been key brokers in the negotiations.
Q.4) Minquiers and Ecrehos dispute between___
a) UK and Poland
b) UK and Spain
c) UK and France
d) China and Mongolia
Answer: (c)
Rationale: The Minquiers and Ecrehos dispute was a legal case between France and the United Kingdom to determine which country had sovereignty over the islets and rocks in the area. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled in favor of the United Kingdom on November 17, 1953.

Summary of Today’s News

China’s population declines for third consecutive year

For the third consecutive year, China’s population fell by 1.39 million, reaching 1.408 billion at the end of 2024.
• Global Trend: This decline mirrors trends seen globally, particularly in East Asia, including Japan and South Korea, where birth rates are also plummeting.
• Reasons for Decline: Rising living costs are leading many young people to delay or forgo marriage and childbearing in favor of education and careers.
• Aging Population: While life expectancy has increased, the aging population and low birth rates contribute to a shrinking workforce.
• Sex Ratio Imbalance: China has a lopsided sex ratio, with 104.34 men for every 100 women, contributing to potential social instability, particularly among bachelors.
• Birthrate Concerns: The declining birthrate is a major concern, with China’s total population decreasing for the first time in decades in 2023.
• Impact on Economy: An aging population, declining workforce, lack of consumer markets, and emigration are putting significant pressure on China’s economic system.
• Global Position: In 2023, China was overtaken by India as the world’s most populous country.

PM-WANI scheme

• The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has proposed limiting internet tariffs for Wi-Fi service providers under the PM-WANI scheme to twice the rate charged for retail broadband services.
• About the Prime Minister’s Wi-Fi Access Network Interface (PM-WANI) Scheme:
• Launch: The scheme was initiated by the Department of Telecommunication in December 2020.
• Objective: It aims to expand public Wi-Fi hotspots to strengthen digital communications infrastructure across the country, with a focus on rural areas.
• Goals: The scheme seeks to provide better access to public hotspots, which will promote employment opportunities for small and micro-entrepreneurs and offer affordable internet services to underserved urban poor and rural households.
• Encouraging Local Participation: Local shops and establishments are encouraged to offer Wi-Fi for last-mile internet delivery without requiring a license or registration fee.
• How to Access PM-WANI Internet:
• App Download: To use public hotspots under the PM-WANI scheme, users must download a relevant app that displays available networks.
• Selection and Payment: Users can choose from a list of nearby connections and make a payment to access the network.
• Usage: Access is granted until the user’s balance is exhausted.
• Components of the PM-WANI Ecosystem:
• Public Data Office (PDO): Establishes Wi-Fi hotspots and provides internet access. No license from the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) is needed.
• Public Data Office Aggregator (PDOA): Handles authorization, accounting, and provides user interfaces for purchasing data plans and tracking usage.
• App Provider: Develops apps that help users find and connect to nearby PM-WANI hotspots for easy internet access.
• Central Registry: Managed by the Centre for Development of Telematics, it keeps records of App Providers, PDOs, and PDOAs.

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